Bash — Commands

File operations

ls -la              # List files
pwd                 # Print working directory
cd /path            # Change directory
mkdir -p dir        # Create directory
touch file          # Create empty file
cp -r src dest      # Copy recursively
mv src dest         # Move/rename
rm -rf dir          # Remove recursively

Text processing

cat file            # Print file
head -n 10 file     # First 10 lines
tail -n 10 file     # Last 10 lines
grep pattern file   # Search
sed 's/old/new/g' file  # Replace
awk '{print $1}' file   # Column extraction
sort file           # Sort lines
uniq file           # Remove duplicates
wc -l file          # Count lines
cut -d',' -f1 file  # Extract column
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'     # Translate characters

Finding files

find /path -name "*.txt"           # Find by name
find /path -type f -mtime -7       # Modified in last 7 days
find /path -size +1M               # Larger than 1MB
locate filename                     # Quick search
which command                      # Find command location

Process management

ps aux               # List processes
top                  # Process monitor
kill PID             # Kill process
kill -9 PID          # Force kill
bg                   # Background process
fg                   # Foreground process
jobs                 # List jobs

Disk usage

df -h                # Disk space
du -sh *             # Directory sizes
du -sh /path         # Specific path size

Mini Practice

Write Bash code that:

1. Lists files with details
2. Searches for files with find
3. Processes text with grep and awk
4. Monitors processes with ps

Up Next

In the next lesson, you'll learn about Files — file operations in Bash.